Second-Order Schedules of Token Reinforcement with Pigeons: Implications for Unit Price

Autor/inn/en	Bullock, Christopher E.; Hackenberg, Timothy D.
Titel	Second-Order Schedules of Token Reinforcement with Pigeons: Implications for Unit Price
Quelle	In: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 85 (2006) 1, S.95-106 (12 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	0022-5002
DOI	10.1901/jeab.2006.116-04
Schlagwörter	Token Economy; Reinforcement; Animals; Animal Behavior; Food; Scheduling; Visual Stimuli; Light; Responses; Behavioral Science Research + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Token-Programm; Positive Verstärkung; Animal; Tier; Tiere; Tierverhalten; Lebensmittel; Disposition; Licht
Abstract	Four pigeons were exposed to second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were earned according to a fixed-ratio (token-production) schedule, with the opportunity to exchange tokens for food (exchange period) occurring after a fixed number had been produced (exchange-production ratio). The token-production and exchange-production ratios were manipulated systematically across conditions. Response rates varied inversely with the token production ratio at each exchange-production ratio. Response rates also varied inversely with the exchange-production ratio at each token-production ratio, particularly at the higher token-production ratios. At higher token-production and exchange-production ratios, response rates increased in token-production segments closer to exchange periods and food. Some conditions were conducted in a closed economy, in which the pigeons earned all their daily ration of food within the session. Relative to comparable open-economy conditions, response rates in the closed economy were less affected by changes in token-production ratio, resulting in higher levels of food intake and body weight. Some of the results are consistent with the economic concept of unit price, a cost-benefit ratio comprised of responses per unit of food delivery, but most are well accounted for by a consideration of the number of responses required to produce exchange periods, without regard to the amount of reinforcement available during those exchange periods. (Contains 1 table and 5 figures.) (As Provided).
Anmerkungen	Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. Available from: Indiana University Department of Psychology. Bloomington, IN 47405. Tel: 812-334-0395; Fax: 812-855-4691; e-mail: jeab@indiana.edu; Web site: http://seab.envmed.rochester.edu/jeab/index.html
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2017/4/10