Gaze Data Reveal Individual Differences in Relational Representation Processes

Autor/inn/en	Zonca, Joshua; Coricelli, Giorgio; Polonio, Luca
Titel	Gaze Data Reveal Individual Differences in Relational Representation Processes
Quelle	In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46 (2020) 2, S.257-279 (23 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0000723
Schlagwörter	Eye Movements; Individual Differences; Task Analysis; Futures (of Society); Adjustment (to Environment); Models; Learning Processes; Multivariate Analysis; Contingency Management; Reflection; Measures (Individuals); Verbal Communication; Behavior Patterns; Inferences; Tests; College Students; Foreign Countries; Cognitive Processes; Attribution Theory; Knowledge Level; Behavior Change; Italy + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Augenbewegung; Individueller Unterschied; Aufgabenanalyse; Future; Society; Zukunft; Analogiemodell; Learning process; Lernprozess; Multivariate Analyse; Krisenbewältigung; Messdaten; Inference; Inferenz; Examination; Prüfung; Examen; Collegestudent; Ausland; Cognitive process; Kognitiver Prozess; Wissensbasis; Italien
Abstract	In our everyday life, we often need to anticipate the potential occurrence of events and their consequences. In this context, the way we represent contingencies can determine our ability to adapt to the environment. However, it is not clear how agents encode and organize available knowledge about the future to react to possible states of the world. In the present study, we investigated the process of contingency representation with three eye-tracking experiments. In Experiment 1, we introduced a novel relational-inference task in which participants had to learn and represent conditional rules regulating the occurrence of interdependent future events. A cluster analysis on early gaze data revealed the existence of 2 distinct types of encoders. A group of (sophisticated) participants built exhaustive contingency models that explicitly linked states with each of their potential consequences. Another group of (unsophisticated) participants simply learned binary conditional rules without exploring the underlying relational complexity. Analyses of individual cognitive measures revealed that cognitive reflection is associated with the emergence of either sophisticated or unsophisticated representation behavior. In Experiment 2, we observed that unsophisticated participants switched toward the sophisticated strategy after having received information about its existence, suggesting that representation behavior was modulated by strategy generation mechanisms. In Experiment 3, we showed that the heterogeneity in representation strategy emerges also in conditional reasoning with verbal sequences, indicating the existence of a general disposition in building either sophisticated or unsophisticated models of contingencies. (As Provided).
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Update	2024/1/01