Migration Restrictions Can Create Gender Inequality: The Story of China's Left-Behind Children. Working Paper 30990

Autor/inn/en	Gao, Xuwen; Liang, Wenquan; Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq; Song, Ran
Institution	National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Titel	Migration Restrictions Can Create Gender Inequality: The Story of China's Left-Behind Children. Working Paper 30990
Quelle	(2023) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Monographie
Schlagwörter	Foreign Countries; Migrant Children; Migrants; Parent Child Relationship; Access to Education; Rural Youth; Gender Discrimination; Policy; Student Mobility; Family Environment; China + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Ausland; Migrantin; Parents-child relationship; Parent-child-relation; Parent-child relationship; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; Education; Access; Bildung; Zugang; Bildungszugang; Rural area; Rural areas; Youth; Ländlicher Raum; Jugend; Jugendlicher; Politik; Student; Students; Mobility; Schüler; Schülerin; Studentin; Mobilität; Familienmilieu
Abstract	About 11% of the Chinese population are rural-urban migrants with a rural hukou that severely restricts their children's access to urban schools. As a result, 69 million children are left behind in rural areas. We use two regression-discontinuity designs - based on school enrollment age cutoffs and a 2014 policy change that more severely restricted migrants' access to schooling - to document that migrants become discontinuously more likely to leave middle-school-aged daughters (but not sons) behind in poor rural areas without either parent present exactly when schooling becomes expensive and restricted. The effect is larger when the daughter has a male sibling. Migrant parents send significantly less remittances back to daughters than sons. Although China's hukou mobility restrictions are not gender-specific in intent, they have larger adverse effects on girls. Rural residents adjacent to cities that experience shocks to labor demand after China's accession to the WTO are more likely to separate from children to take advantage of new opportunities in cities. Those workers earn much more and advance economically, but longitudinal data reveals that their children complete fewer years of schooling, remain poor, and have worse mental and physical health later in life. [This paper was supported by Yale-NUS and the Tan Chin Tuan Chinese Culture Civilization Program in Singapore.] (As Provided).
Anmerkungen	National Bureau of Economic Research. 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138-5398. Tel: 617-588-0343; Web site: http://www.nber.org
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2024/1/01