"A Cruel King" Is Not the Same as "A King Who Is Cruel": Modifier Position Affects How Words Are Encoded and Retrieved from Memory

Autor/inn/en	Karimi, Hossein; Diaz, Michele; Ferreira, Fernanda
Titel	"A Cruel King" Is Not the Same as "A King Who Is Cruel": Modifier Position Affects How Words Are Encoded and Retrieved from Memory
Quelle	In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45 (2019) 11, S.2010-2035 (26 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0000694
Schlagwörter	Form Classes (Languages); Grammar; Phrase Structure; Nouns; Cognitive Processes; Recall (Psychology); Memory; Semantics; Reading Processes; Language Processing; Sentences; English; Undergraduate Students; California + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Analytischer Sprachbau; Grammatik; Phrasenstruktur; Cognitive process; Kognitiver Prozess; Abberufung; Gedächtnis; Semantik; Leseprozess; Sprachverarbeitung; Sentence analysis; Satzanalyse; English language; Englisch; Kalifornien
Abstract	We examined whether the position of modifiers in English influences how words are encoded and subsequently retrieved from memory. Compared with premodifiers, postmodifiers might confer more perceptual significance to the associated head nouns, are more consistent with the "given-before-new" information structure, and might also be easier to integrate because the head noun is available before the modifications are encountered. In 4 experiments, we investigated whether premodified ("the cruel and merciless king"), and postmodified ("the king who was cruel and merciless") noun phrases (henceforth, NPs) could induce variations in ease of subsequent retrieval. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, participants used more pronouns ("he"), as opposed to full descriptions ("the king") to refer to postmodified NPs than to unmodified competitors, but pronominal reference to premodified NPs and unmodified competitors did not differ, suggesting that postmodified NPs are more accessible in memory. When the data from all 3 experiments were combined, we also observed significantly more pronominal reference to post- than to premodified NPs, as well as a greater increase in pronominal reference rates between postmodified NPs and unmodified competitors than between premodified NPs and unmodified competitors. In Experiment 4, words following critical pronouns were read faster when the pronouns referred to modified than to unmodified NPs, and also when the pronouns referred to post- rather than premodified NPs. Taken together, our results show enhanced retrieval facilitation for postmodified NPs compared with premodified NPs. These results are the first to demonstrate that the linear position of modifications results in measurable processing cost at a subsequent point. The results have important implications for memory-based theories of language processing, and also for theories assigning a central role for discourse status and information structure during sentence processing. (As Provided).
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Update	2020/1/01